Academic ceremonies with gowns, mortarboards, tassels, hoods, and maces are traditions handed down from European universities of the Middle Ages.
These first organized institutions of learning originated during the 12th and 13th centuries, generally under the jurisdiction of the church. Robes, hoods, and caps were worn mainly for warmth in unheated buildings by the clerics, monks, and priests who were the first students.
European universities continue to show great diversity in their academic dress. In the United States, as the result of our English heritage, caps and gowns have been used since colonial times by the faculties of some universities and became generally standardized about 1895.
The field of study is indicated by the color of velvet facing under the chin of the hood worn by master's and doctoral degree holders.